| At Hour 25 we’ve discussed Telegonus on several
occasions. (And
Telegonos!) I thought I’d offer a little reminder on him for those that
are interested.
“Telegonus, son of
Ulysses (Odysseus) and Circe, sent by his mother to find his father, by a
storm was carried to Ithaca, and there, driven by hunger, began to lay waste
the fields. Ulysses and Telemachus, not knowing who he was, took up arms
against him. Ulysses was killed by his son Telegonus; it had been told him by
an oracle to beware of death at his son’s hands. Telegonus on discovering who
he was, with Telemachus and Penelope returned to his home on the island of
Aeaea by Minerva’s instructions. They brought the body of Ulysses to Circe,
and buried it there. By the advice of Minerva (Athena) again, Telegonus
married Penelope, and Telemachus married Circe. From Circe and Telemachus
Latinus was born, who gave his name to the Latin language; from Penelope and
Telegonus Italus was born, who called the country Italy from his own name.
Hyginus, Fabulae 127
Okay, that was one possible ending to the story of
Penelope, Telemachus, Telegonus and Circe.
There are several conflicting and often incestous sounding versions. I
like the following;
"When Telegonos learned from Kirke that he was Odysseus’ son, he sailed out in search of his father . . . He took the corpse [of Odysseus] and Penelope to Kirke, and there he married Penelope. Kirke dispatched them both to the Islands of the Blessed (Nesoi Makaron)." Apollodorus, Bibliotheca E7. 36-37
The only thing I
might add is that if Telegonus and Telemachus’ names represents their father’s
epithets, then Odysseus must have (tele) phoned it in a lot. (Ha, ha!)
Must have been on of the first tele-workers. (Ha, ha!
Sometimes I just crack myself up!)
|
Tuesday, June 21, 2016
TFBT: Telegonus
Monday, June 20, 2016
TFBT: Gaia, the Primordial Provocateur
I recently saw an ad on-line. It was for a series of “TED-talks” on war. I off-handedly thought, it would not be a
very even-handed event. Knowing that
crowd there wouldn’t be any pro-war advocates.
Of course, who is pro-war? Being
a mythologist I thought immediately of Gaia; Mother Earth. Hesiod calls her “vast Earth” in many
translations (Theogony 159) In Ancient Greek that is; “Γαῖα πελώρη”
“In her aspect as Gaia pelore,
“monstrous Earth,” she is specifically linked to the destructive forces
represented by the Giants and Typhoeus.
If I have taken so much time over the Greek word (pelore) it is because the available English
translation regularly misrepresent it, dulling its pejorative force. But Hesiod’s Mother Earth is much more
vicious creature then these translations imply,” [i]
The Perseus
Greek Word Study Tool seems to agree with Lamberton by listing as
definitions of πέλωρος: as “monstrous,
prodigious, huge”. I would like to
suggest that the primordial goddess Gaia is the first and primary instigator of
war in the mythic timeline of the Greek gods.
First, let’s start with the first war in Greek mythology;
the revolt of the sons of Gaia against their father Uranus; the Sky.
huge (monstrous) Earth groaned from within, (160)
straitened as she was; and she devised a subtle and evil scheme. For quickly
having produced a stock of white iron, she forged a large sickle, and gave the
word to her children and said encouragingly, though troubled in her heart:
“Children of me and of a father madly violent, if you (165) would obey me, we shall avenge the baneful injury of your
father; for he was the first that devised acts of indignity.” So spoke she, but
fear seized on them all, nor did any of them speak; till, having gathered
courage, great and wily Kronos addressed his dear mother thus in reply: (170) “Mother, this deed at any rate I
will undertake and accomplish, since for our father, of-detested-name, I care
not, for he was the first that devised acts of indignity.” Thus spoke he, and
huge (monstrous) Earth rejoiced much at heart, and hid and
planted him in ambush: in his hand she placed (175) a sickle with jagged teeth, and suggested to him all the
stratagem. Then came vast Sky bringing Night with him, and, eager for love,
brooded around Earth, and lay stretched on all sides: but his son from out his
ambush grasped at him with his left hand, while in his right he took the huge
sickle, long and jagged-toothed, and hastily (180) mowed off the genitals of his father, and threw them
backwards to be carried away behind him. [ii]
The second example of monstrous Earth’s instigation of war was
when Cronus, was now King of the Titans.
He learned from the great example of his father, did not trust his own
sons and therefore swallowed whole every child brought forth the by his wife
Rhea. Eventually, his wife and mother
conceive of a plan to save one child by substituting a stone wrapped in
swaddling clothes. The baby’s name was
Zeus and they raise him in a cave. [iii]
“Quickly then throve the spirit and
beauteous limbs of the (future) king, and, as years came round, having been
beguiled by the wise counsels of Earth
(495) huge Kronos, wily counselor, let loose again
his offspring, having been conquered by the arts and strength of his son. And
first he disgorged the stone, since he swallowed it last. [iv]
Apparently, Cronus wasn’t doing too well after that. So, the third example of monstrous Earth’s
involvement in war is when the rest of the Titans displayed their displeasure
with this turn of events by rebelling against Zeus and his brothers. There followed a ten year war between the
Titans and the sons of Cronus. (629-639) Eventually;
“the
son of Cronus, Zeus and the other deathless gods whom rich-haired Rhea bare
from union with Cronus, brought (Obriareus and Cottus and Gyes of exceeding
manhood and comeliness and great size) up again (from Tartarus) to the light at
Earth's advising. For she herself
recounted all things to the gods fully, how that with these they would gain
victory and a glorious cause to vaunt themselves.” (Hesiod Theogony 617-629)…Now the others among the first ranks
roused the keen fight, Kottos, Briareus, and Gyes insatiable in war, (715) who truly were hurling from sturdy hands
three hundred rocks close upon each other, and they had overshadowed the Titans
with missiles, sent them beneath the broad-wayed earth, and bound them in
painful bonds, having conquered them with their hands, over-haughty though they
were, (720) as far beneath under earth as the sky is
from the earth, for equal is the space from earth to murky Tartaros[v]
Zeus was a
passable father, looked like there would be peace in the universe. Until our fourth example of monstrous Earth’s
instigation…
Earth, vexed on account of the Titans
(having been tossed into Tartarus by the Olympians) brought forth the giants,
whom she had by (Uranus) …And they darted rocks and burning oaks at (Mt Olympus).
… Now the gods had an oracle that none of the giants could perish at the hand
of gods, but that with the help of a mortal they would be made an end of.
Learning of this, Earth sought for a simple to prevent the giants from being
destroyed even by a mortal. But Zeus forbade the Dawn and the Moon and the Sun
to shine, and then, before anybody else could get it, he culled the simple
himself, [vi]
Apollodorus shortly thereafter describes a fifth example of monstrous
Earth’s provocation of war;
When
the gods had overcome the giants, Earth,
still more enraged, had intercourse
with Tartarus and brought forth Typhon in Cilicia… Typhon
when, hurling kindled rocks, he made for the very heaven with hissings and
shouts, spouting a great jet of fire from his mouth. But when the gods saw him
rushing at heaven, they made for Egypt in flight, and being pursued they
changed their forms into those of animals. However Zeus pelted Typhon at a distance with
thunderbolts, and at close quarters struck him down with an adamantine sickle,
[vii]
And finally for our final example; though most accounts
credit the wars at Thebes and Troy to the will of Zeus on account of the
groaning of Gaia, Christopoulos phrases it this way;
“…Earth, being weighed down by the multitude of people, there being
no piety among humankind, asked Zeus
to be relieved from the burden. Zeus firstly and at once brought about the
Theban War, by means of which he destroyed very large numbers, and afterwards
the Trojan one,” [viii]
In summary, monstrous Earth suggested the stratagem for castrating their father to her
sons and rejoiced when one agreed, came up with the wise counsels that removed Cronus
from power, advised the Olympians how to defeat the Titans, raised up the
Giants and Typhoeus to defeat the Olympians and was at the very least the root
cause of the wars at Thebes and Troy.
What do you think?
Was Mother Earth a loving mother or vicious monster?
[ii] Hesiod,
Theogony 159-180, Translated by Gregory Nagy and J. Banks and
adapted by Gregory Nagy http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5289
[iii] (Hesiod,
Theogony 454-489) Translated by
Gregory Nagy and J. Banks and adapted by Gregory Nagy http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5289
[iv] (Hesiod. Theogony) Translated by Gregory Nagy and J. Banks
and adapted by Gregory Nagy http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5289
[v] (Hesiod. Theogony) Translated by Gregory Nagy and J. Banks
and adapted by Gregory Nagy http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5289
[vi] Apollodorus
[1.6.1] Apollodorus. The Library. Translated by Sir James George Frazer. Loeb
Classical Library Volumes 121 & 122. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University
Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. http://www.theoi.com/Text/Apollodorus1.html
[vii] Apollodorus
[1.6.3] Apollodorus. The Library. Translated by Sir James George Frazer. Loeb
Classical Library Volumes 121 & 122. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University
Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. http://www.theoi.com/Text/Apollodorus1.html
[viii]
Menelaos Christopoulos, "Casus
belli: Causes of the Trojan War in the Epic Cycle," Classics@
Volume 6: Efimia D. Karakantza, ed. The Center for Hellenic Studies of Harvard
University, edition of February 4, 2011. http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/3367
Tuesday, June 14, 2016
TFBT: The Argonaut Menoetius
I was researching the Argonaut Menoetius of Opus. First let’s not confuse him with the very glorious and outrageous Titan Menoetius, blasted into Tartarus for his “mad presumption and exceeding pride."(Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1. 8)
We are speaking about a mortal man here. There didn’t seem much to say about him. He is father of Patroclus, (Il 9.608) an Argonaut, maybe the first to give Heracles annual heroic honors (Diodorus 4.39.1), "Menoetius, the child of Aegina and Actor." (Pindar, Olympian Ode 9. 69) was half-brother of Aeacus and grandfather of the goddess Eucleia who presided over the Greek victory at Marathon. (Paus. i.14.4)But on closer examination, maybe there is something to say. There is only on reference to Menoetius being an Argonaut; “Moreover Actor sent his son Menoetius from Opus that he might accompany the chiefs.” (Argonautica 1.69) It sounds as though he was a dutiful son rather than someone chasing after the glory of the ancestors.When young Patroclus kills the son of Amphidamas over a dice game, Menoetius whisked the boy off to Peleus in Phthia to be educated with his cousin Achilles. (Hom. Il. 23.85) Quite the loving father, not something you see often in Greek myth.Myth is skimpy about Menoetius, but as an Argonaut he would have known Heracles personally prior to the disappearance of Hylas. And yet years later he offers up his old war-buddy heroic honors.Son of a nymph, he doesn’t rate as a demi-god, but Menoetius’ daughterMyrto, with Heracles assistance, bore a gracious goddess in her father’s house. (Plutarch, Aristides, 20. 6) Which has to say something about his dash of divinity and maybe even his piety.With a little optimism, the man I see when considering Menoetius is an honorable, loving man devoted to his friends and family, friend to demi-gods (Heracles) and if Plutarch is right, family to the gods.
of Opus. First let’s not confuse him with the very glorious and outrageous Titan Menoetius, blasted into Tartarus for his “mad presumption and exceeding pride."(Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1. 8)We are speaking about a mortal man here. There didn’t seem much to say about him. He is father of Patroclus, (Il 9.608) an Argonaut, maybe the first to give Heracles annual heroic honors (Diodorus 4.39.1), "Menoetius, the child of Aegina and Actor." (Pindar, Olympian Ode 9. 69) was half-brother of Aeacus and grandfather of the goddess Eucleia who presided over the Greek victory at Marathon. (Paus. i.14.4)But on closer examination, maybe there is something to say. There is only on reference to Menoetius being an Argonaut; “Moreover Actor sent his son Menoetius from Opus that he might accompany the chiefs.” (Argonautica 1.69) It sounds as though he was a dutiful son rather than someone chasing after the glory of the ancestors.When young Patroclus kills the son of Amphidamas over a dice game, Menoetius whisked the boy off to Peleus in Phthia to be educated with his cousin Achilles. (Hom. Il. 23.85) Quite the loving father, not something you see often in Greek myth.Myth is skimpy about Menoetius, but as an Argonaut he would have known Heracles personally prior to the disappearance of Hylas. And yet years later he offers up his old war-buddy heroic honors.Son of a nymph, he doesn’t rate as a demi-god, but Menoetius’ daughterMyrto, with Heracles assistance, bore a gracious goddess in her father’s house. (Plutarch, Aristides, 20. 6) Which has to say something about his dash of divinity and maybe even his piety.With a little optimism, the man I see when considering Menoetius is an honorable, loving man devoted to his friends and family, friend to demi-gods (Heracles) and if Plutarch is right, family to the gods.
Saturday, June 11, 2016
TFBT: Eurybates
The wide-wandering Eurybates of Ithaca (Iliad ii. 184) was the herald of Odysseus. It is said of him;
“a little older than (Odysseus), and I will tell thee of him too, what manner of man he was. He was round-shouldered, dark of skin, and curly-haired, and his name was Eurybates; and Odysseus honored him above his other comrades, because he was like-minded with himself.” Od. xix. 246
It is generally believed that this was the same Herald Eurybates that accompanied Odysseus as party of the embassy to Achilles (Iliad ix. 170) and along with Agamemnon’s herald Talthybius had the inenviable task to "Go to the hut of Achilles, Peleus' son, and take by the hand the fair-cheeked Briseis, (Hom. Il. i. 319,
Friday, June 3, 2016
TFBT: Proteus, Another Old Man of the Sea
“Proteus I call…All-honored, prudent,
whose sagacious mind knows all that was and is of every kind, with all that
shall be in succeeding time, so vast thy wisdom, wondrous and sublime: for all
things Nature first to thee consigned, and in thy essence omniform confined. O
father, to the mystics' rites attend, and grant, a blessed life a prosperous
end." Orphic Hymn 25 to Proteus
Proteus is the unerring “Old
Man of the Sea”[i]as
are the sea-gods Nereus[ii]
and Phorcys.[iii] He,
like other marine divinities, possessed power of prophesy and
shape-shifting. He and one of his
daughters are major characters in the story of Odysseus. Proteus rides through
the Carpathian Sea, in a chariot drawn by Hippocampal[iv]
or with fishes and two-footed sea-horses.[v]
He was a son Phoenice, the eponymous nymph Phoenicia and of Poseidon.[vi]
"This is Egypt; here flows the virgin river, the lovely Nile, who brings
down melted snow to slake the soil of the Egyptian plain with the moisture
heaven denies. Proteus…lived…on the island of Pharos. Now Proteus married Psamathe,
one of the sea-nymphs, and formerly the wife of Aeacus.” Euripides, Helen
11
He prophesied to Menelaus about his
future[ix]
and therebye revealed to humanity a hope for a brighter life beyond dread
Hades. He prophesized to Aristaeus about
his bees[x]
and established the erroneous doctrine
of spontaneous generation which held sway over philosophers for two millennia. And he prophesized to the mother of Apollonius
of Tyana;
"To his mother, just before
he was born, there came an apparition of Proteus, who changes his form so much
in Homer, in the guise of an Egyptian daemon. She was in no way frightened, but
asked him what sort of child she would bear. And he answered: ‘Myself.’ ‘And
who are you?’ she asked. ‘Proteus,’ answered he, ‘the god of Egypt’ Well, I
need hardly explain to readers of the poets the quality of Proteus and his
reputation as regards wisdom; how versatile he was, and for ever changing his
form, and defying capture, and how he had the reputation of knowing both past
and future. And we must bear Proteus in mind all the more, when my advancing
story shows (Apollonius) to have been more a prophet than Proteus." Philostratus, Life of Apollonius of Tyana
1. 4
One final aside before we leave this wise, honest, god of ambiguous form, born in the nursery of the giants. According to Strabo,[xi] Proteus was grandfather of the gods and goddesses of the Mysteries at Samothrace.
But that’s another blogpost.
Thursday, June 2, 2016
TFBT: Prose Version of "I, the Goddess Cassandra"
“Ah, ah!
Oh, oh, the agony!
1215
Once more the dreadful ordeal [ponos]
of true prophecy whirls and distracts me with its ill-boding onset. Do you see
them there—sitting before the house—young creatures like phantoms of dreams?
Children, they seem, slaughtered by their own kindred, 1220 their hands full of
the meat of their own flesh; they are clear to my sight, holding their vitals
and their inward parts—piteous burden![1]
This is the
Cassandra that tradition gives us and is foremost in our minds; a half-mad
character, foaming at the mouth, hysterical, helpless to escape her doom,
hair-risen and shaken, seeing visions of horrific things no one else sees. She predicts that “by Cocytus and the banks
of Acheron, I think, I soon must chant my prophecies.”[2] Considering the above tirade and most of her
wailing in Aeschylus’ Agamemnon we
might be persuaded to believe that she is helpless and hapless. But why should we be persuaded by her
performance when Cassandra herself says, “I consented (marriage) to Loxias but
broke my word…Ever since that fault I could persuade no one of anything.”[3]
Rather I contend Cassandra was a second-sighted seeress who moved with
Machiavellian skill to the most blessed state a mortal can know.
Her father
was King Priam of Troy. “Priam ruled
from a magnificent palace, which was fronted by marble colonnades. In the main
building there were fifty apartments of polished stone, where his sons lived
with their wives. His daughters occupied the chambers in the building on the other
side of the courtyard, and there they lived with the sons-in-law of the king.”[7] In his youth her father journeyed to the
land of Phrygia, rich in vines, and there he saw in multitudes the Phrygian
warriors, masters of glancing steeds, even “the people of Otreus and godlike
Mygdon, that were then encamped along the banks of Sangarius.” Priam was
accounted an ally of the Phrygians when the Amazons, equal-to-men, came against
them. [8] All these nations will play apart in the war
to come.
Cassandra’s
mother was Hecuba, wife of Priam, mother of Hector; he was “the invincible,
steadfast pillar of Troy”. [9]
Queen Hecuba dreamed once that she gave birth to a fire-brand; a torch. [10]
Cassandra
and her twin brother Helenus were left by their parents in the shrine of the Thymbraean Apollo. There the Thymbrios River flows
through the plain and empties into the Scamander River.[11]
“…the festival in honour of the birth of the twins was being
held in the sanctuary of the Thymbraean Apollo, the two children played with
each other there and fell asleep in the temple. Meantime the parents and their
friends, flushed with wine, had gone home, forgetting all about the twins whose
birth had given occasion to the festivity. Next morning, when they were sober,
they returned to the temple and found the sacred serpents purging with their
tongues the organs of sense of the children. Frightened by the cry which the
women raised at the strange sight, the serpents disappeared among the laurel
boughs which lay beside the infants on the floor; but from that hour Cassandra
and Helenus possessed the gift of prophecy.”
[12]
In like
manner Melampus is said to have acquired the art of soothsaying through the
action of serpents which licked his ears.
He…
“lived in the country, and before his house there was an
oak, in which there was a lair of snakes. His servants killed the snakes, but
Melampus gathered wood and burnt the reptiles, and reared the young ones. And
when the young were full grown, they stood beside him at each of his shoulders
as he slept, and they purged his ears with their tongues. He started up in a
great fright, but understood the voices of the birds flying overhead, and from
what he learned from them he foretold to men what should come to pass. He
acquired besides the art of taking the auspices, and having fallen in with
Apollo at the (River) Alpheus he was ever after an excellent soothsayer.”[13]
In due time
Cassandra would have her own interview with Apollo alongside a lovely river.
Her twin-brother
Helenus was the greatest seer among the Trojans and their allies. and could understand the will of the gods.[14]
He was also a warrior and one of the leaders of the host attempting to
take the black ships of the Achaeans.[15] His birth name was Scamandrius, named,
like his nephew Astyanax, for the local river.
He “received the name of
Helenus from a Thracian seer, who also instructed him in the prophetic art.” [16] It was Helenus, who predicted that if that
fire-brand, Prince Alexander brought home an Argive wife, the Achaeans
would pursue, destroy Troy, and then slay their father and all their brothers.[17]
Naturally
when Cassandra heard of her father’s intentions to send Hector and Paris to
Sparta her words echoed her twin’s,
telling what the Trojans would suffer if he should sent a fleet into
Greece.[18]
“I see thee, hapless city, fired a second time by Aeacide hands.” [19]
With the war
came her suitors; Othryoneus, Coroebus and Loxias[20],
Lord of Ptoon
● “Othryoneus of Cabesus…asked in
marriage the comeliest of the daughters of Priam, even Cassandra; he brought no
gifts of wooing,” [21]
● Coroebus, the son of Mygdon.
Coroebus came to marry Cassandra, and was killed.[22] He died the day after he arrived when the son
of Tydeus plunged his spear point beneath the left ribs of the Phrygian.[23]
● Apollo, Lord of the Seasons whom
Cassandra also spurned as if she was following Athena’s example and intending
to be a virgin for life. [24] But maybe she had a better reason. Pausanias (5.18.2) says; ““Idas brings
back, not against her will, fair-ankled Marpessa, daughter of Evenus, whom
Apollo carried off.” Cassandra didn’t
chose Apollo as a spouse, maybe for the same reason Marpessa didn’t. “because she feared that Apollo might desert
her in her old age”[25]
The one
night the war was over! The Achaeans
were gone. Abandoning their camp and
leaving a gift for Athena; the wooden sculpture of a horse, which we know of as
the Trojan Horse.
“So feasted they through Troy, and in their midst loud
pealed the flutes and pipes: on every hand were song and dance, laughter and
cries confused of banqueters beside the meats and wine. They, lifting in their
hands the beakers brimmed, recklessly drank, till heavy of brain they grew,
till rolled their fluctuant eyes. Now and again some mouth would babble the
drunkard's broken words. The household gear, the very roof and walls seemed as
they rocked: all things they looked on seemed whirled in wild dance. About
their eyes a veil of mist dropped” [26]
Her
twin-brother and fellow seer Helenus was already with the Achaeans. (He went on to attain his best possible fate;
husband to the daughter of Eetion and King of Molossus. [27]) The sooth-sayer Laocoon, brother of Anchises
was dead. [28] But, “One heart was steadfast, and one soul
clear-eyed, Cassandra”[29] She knew perfectly well the Achaeans’
purpose for this horse and “the ambush
hidden there.” And she was “As mid the
hills a furious pantheress… with savage heart. ” (1260)
That night
the Horse birthed and the gates burst open. The city was set afire and the
streets flooded with blood. It is not surprising that a virgin should take
sanctuary in the temple of the virgin-goddess Athena. Did this seeress know that Athena did not
love the Trojans? (Iliad 6.310) Did
Cassandra foresee that the Locrian Ajax, would find her there clinging to the
wooden image of Athena? That he would
drag her from there knocking the goddess’ image to the ground in the
process? [30] Did she know that consequently the
majority of the Danaans would die when gods sent a storm and contrary winds
against them? That her enemies and the enemies of her people upon returning
home after the destruction of her my home and
the division of her our wealth
would wreck on the Cepharean Rocks thanks to the anger of the gods?
She was the loveliest of Priam’s daughters so
naturally when the loot was portioned out she received as her prize, finally, as husband the greatest of the Achaean kings;
Agamemnon. For those who don’t know the story, men die. So do women.
So did Cassandra. (Aeschylus,
Agamemnon)
But that
doesn’t end her story
“And my husband shall be called Zeus (-Agamemnon[31]) by the crafty Spartiates, obtaining
highest honours from the children of Oebalus. [32] Nor shall my worship be nameless among men,
nor fade hereafter in the darkness of oblivion. But the chiefs of the Daunians
shall build for me a shrine on the banks of the Salpe, and those also who
inhabit the city of Dardanus, beside the waters of the lake. And when girls
wish to escape the yoke of maidens, refusing for bridegrooms men adorned with
locks such as Hector wore, but with defect of form or reproach of birth, they
will embrace my image with their arms, winning of mighty shield against
marriage, having clothed them in the garb of the Erinyes and
dyed their faces with magic simples. By those staff-carrying women I shall long be
called an immortal goddess[3] .” [33]
I like to
think of Cassandra, the most beautiful of Priam’s daughters wandering upon
other sandy banks and flowery meadows. Maybe hand-in-hand with her
sister-in-law Helen, the most beautiful of
Priam’s daughters-in-laws. Because;
“Zeus the son of Cronos made…(a) nobler and more righteous,
a god-like race of hero-men who are called demi-gods, the race before our own,
throughout the boundless earth. Grim war and dread battle destroyed a part of
them, some in the land of Cadmus at seven- gated Thebe when they fought for the
flocks of Oedipus, and some, when it had brought them in ships over the great
sea gulf to Troy for rich-haired Helen's sake: there death's end enshrouded a
part of them. But to the others father Zeus the son of Cronos gave a living and
an abode apart from men, and made them dwell at the ends of earth. And they
live untouched by sorrow in the islands of the blessed along the shore of deep
swirling Ocean”[34]
[1]Agamemnon,
Aeschylus (Translated by Herbert Weir
Smyth. Revised by Gregory Crane and Graeme Bird. Further Revised by Gregory
Nagy.) http://hour25.heroesx.chs.harvard.edu/?page_id=6586
[2] 1156 Agamemnon,
Aeschylus (Translated by Herbert Weir
Smyth. Revised by Gregory Crane and Graeme Bird. Further Revised by Gregory
Nagy.) http://hour25.heroesx.chs.harvard.edu/?page_id=6586
[3]
1208 & 1212 Agamemnon,
Aeschylus (Translated by Herbert Weir
Smyth. Revised by Gregory Crane and Graeme Bird. Further Revised by Gregory
Nagy.) http://hour25.heroesx.chs.harvard.edu/?page_id=6586
[4]
1156 Agamemnon, Aeschylus (Translated by Herbert Weir Smyth. Revised by Gregory
Crane and Graeme Bird. Further Revised by Gregory Nagy.) http://hour25.heroesx.chs.harvard.edu/?page_id=6586
[5]
21. 347 Homeric Iliad, Translated
by Samuel Butler, Revised by Soo-Young Kim, Kelly McCray, Gregory Nagy, and
Timothy Power. http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5286
[6]
Collunthus, “The Rape of Helen” 1, Oppian, Colluthus and Tryphiodorus.
Translated by Mair, A. W. Loeb Classical Library Volume 219. London: William
Heinemann Ltd, 1928. http://www.theoi.com/Text/Colluthus.html
[7]
Iliad 6.240 Translated by Samuel Butler,
Revised by Soo-Young Kim, Kelly McCray, Gregory Nagy, and Timothy Power. http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5286
[8]
3.182 Homeric Iliad,
Translated by Samuel Butler, Revised by Soo-Young Kim, Kelly McCray,
Gregory Nagy, and Timothy Power. http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5286
[9] 2.89 Homer,
Odyssey Samuel Butler’s translation, revised
by Timothy Power, Gregory Nagy, Soo-Young Kim, and Kelly McCray. Published
under a Creative Commons License 3.0. http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5287
[10] [3.12.5] Apollodorus. The Library. Translated by Sir James
George Frazer. Loeb Classical Library Volumes 121 & 122. Cambridge, MA,
Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. http://www.theoi.com/Text/Apollodorus3.html
[11]
Strabo, Geography 13.1.35 http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+13.1.35&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198
[12]
Notes on the Library of Apollodorus
bY J. G. Frazer Book 3, footnote 230 Apollodorus. The Library. Translated by Sir James George Frazer. Loeb Classical
Library Volumes 121 & 122. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London,
William Heinemann Ltd. 1921.
[14]
vi. 76, vii. 44 Homeric Iliad,
Translated by Samuel Butler, Revised by Soo-Young Kim, Kelly McCray,
Gregory Nagy, and Timothy Power. http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5286
[15].
xii. 94.
Homeric Iliad, Translated by Samuel Butler,
Revised by Soo-Young Kim, Kelly McCray, Gregory Nagy, and Timothy Power. http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5286
[16]
Eustath. ad Hom. p. 626 via William
Smith. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. London. John
Murray: printed by Spottiswoode and Co., New-Street Square and Parliament
Street http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=helenus-bio-1
[17]
Dares of Phrygia, History of the Fall of Troy 7 The Trojan War.
The Chronicles of Dictys of Crete and Dares the Phrygian. Translated by R. M.
Frazer (Jr.). Indiana University Press. 1966.
[20]
Another name for Apollo, (Herod. i.
91, http://hour25.heroesx.chs.harvard.edu/?p=1496#Sourcebook
[23]
Quintus Smyrnaeus. The Fall of Troy 13.190 Translated by Way. A. S. Loeb Classical
Library Volume 19. London: William Heinemann, 1913 http://www.theoi.com/Text/QuintusSmyrnaeus1.html
[24]
Lycophron Alexandra 352-353, Callimachus, Hymns and Epigrams. Lycophron.
Aratus. Translated by Mair, A. W. & G. R. Loeb Classical Library Volume
129. London: William Heinemann, 1921. http://www.theoi.com/Text/LycophronAlexandra.html
[25]
Apollodorus. The Library 1.7.9 . Translated by Sir James George Frazer. Loeb
Classical Library Volumes 121 & 122. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University
Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921 http://www.theoi.com/Text/Apollodorus1.html
[26]
Quintus Smyrnaeus. The Fall of Troy 13.1. Translated by
Way. A. S. Loeb Classical Library Volume 19. London: William Heinemann,
1913 http://www.theoi.com/Text/QuintusSmyrnaeus1.html
[28]
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca E5. 17 (trans. Aldrich) http://www.theoi.com/Text/ApollodorusE.html
[29]
Quintus Smyrnaeus. The Fall of Troy 12.565. Translated by
Way. A. S. Loeb Classical Library Volume 19. London: William Heinemann, 1913 http://www.theoi.com/Text/QuintusSmyrnaeus1.html
[31]
Agamemnôn. A surname of Zeus, under which he was worshipped at Sparta.
(Lycophr. 335, with the School.; Eustath. ad Il. ii. 25.) via Atsma at http://www.theoi.com/Cult/ZeusTitles.html Also, Clement of Alexandria. Translated by
Butterworth, G W. Loeb Classical Library Volume 92. Cambridge, MA. Harvard
University Press. 1919. http://www.theoi.com/Text/ClementExhortation1.html
[32]
Husband of Gorgophone ancestress
of the gods of the Spartans http://shortstories-bill.blogspot.com/2013/01/wfbt-divine-descendants-of-gorgophone.html
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